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and E with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants. Acta Dermatol Venereol 1996 76 264-268. 129. Ritter EF, Axelrod M, Minn KW, et al. Modulation of ultraviolet light-induced epidermal damage beneficial effects of tocopherol. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997 100 973-980. 130. Khettab N, Amory MC, Briand G, et al. Photoprotective effect of vitamins A and E on polyamine and oxygenated free radical metabolism in hairless mouse epidermis. Biochimie 1988 70 1709-1713. 131. Gensler HL, Magdaleno...
Tretinoin Therapy In Photoaging
Chronic exposure to sunlight causes a characteristic collection of signs presumed ij to be due to aging in the past, but are now recognized primarily as the consequences of solar and other environmental injury. This is termed photoaging or dermatoheliosis. The familiar stigmata of photoaged skin are rough, leathery skin -a with coarse wrinkles and yellow or mottled complexion. Histologically, the dermis exhibits changes known as solar elastosis the collagenous connective tissue in the upper...
Q Jgi
receptor blocker combined with minoxidil on hair growth in macaque androgenetic alopecia. Abstract submitted for Third Joint Meeting of the European Society for Dermatological Research ESDR , Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology JSID , and Society for Investigative Dermatology SID . Cologne, Germany, May 7-10, 1998. 34. Gollnick H, Orfanos CE. Alopecia areata pathogenesis and clinical feature. In Or-fanos CE, Happle R. eds. Hair and Hair Diseases. Berlin Springer-Verlag, 1990 529-569....
Diffuse Alopecia
Patients afflicted with diffuse alopecia typically complain of hair loss all over the scalp not just in the areas usually seen in androgenetic alopecia. However, the differential diagnosis of diffuse alopecia versus androgenetic alopecia, particularly in females, can be difficult because of the similar presentation, and biopsy and histological assessment may be required to confirm the diagnosis. The course of the diffuse alopecia can be continuous or episodic. Diffuse alopecia may present as...
Arch Derm Res 1996 288 103-107
tween percutaneous absorption and transepidermal water loss according to anatomic site in man. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1986 37 351-357. 157. Tupker RA, Coenraads P-J, Pinnagoda J, Nater JP. Baseline transepidermal water loss TEWL as a prediction of susceptibility to sodium lauryl sulphate. Contact Derm 1989 20 265-269. 158. Agner T. Basal transepidermal water loss, skin thickness, skin blood flow and skin colour in relation to sodium-lauryl-sulphate-induced irritation in normal skin. Contact Derm...
References
1. Hayward JA. Biotechnology transfer. Cosmet Toilet 1995 110 51. 2. Kligman AM. Hydration injury to human skin. In Van der Valk PGM, Maibach HI, eds. The Irritant Contact Dermatitis Syndrome. Boca Raton CRC Press Inc., 1996 187-194. 3. Kligman LH, Kligman AM. Petrolatum and other hydrophobic emollients reduce UVA-induced damage. J Dermatol Treatment 1992 3 3. 4. Rogiers V. Efficacy claims of cosmetics in Europe must be scientifically substantiated from 1997 on. Skin Res Technol 1995 1 44. 5....
In Vivo Percutaneous Absorption Assays
Percutaneous absorption can be determined by applying a known amount of js chemical to a specified surface area and then measuring levels of the chemical -a in the urine and or feces. Because the analytical techniques to measure the chemi- lt cal are not always available and because some chemicals may be metabolized, 4 radiolabeled chemicals, 14C or 3H, are often used. In vivo studies have been conducted in humans and other species 12 . Comparison of absorption rates of a number of compounds...
Open Epicutaneous Test
The open epicutaneous test OET 28 simulates the conditions of human use by utilizing topical application of the test material. The procedure determines the doses required to induce sensitization and to elicit a response in sensitized animals. The irritancy profile is determined by applying 0.025 mL of varying concentrations to a 2 cm2 area of the shaved flanks of six to eight guinea pigs. Test sites are visually evaluated 24 h after application of test solutions to erythema. The dose not...
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27. Loden M, Olsson H, Skare L, Axell T. Instrumental and sensory evaluation of the frictional response of the skin following a single application of five moisturizing creams. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1992 43 13-20. 28. Batt MD, Fairhurst E. Hydration of the stratum corneum. Int J Cosmet Sci 1986 8 253-264. 29. Batt MD, Davis WB, Fairhurst W, Gerrard WA, Ridge BD. Changes in the physical properties of the stratum corneum following treatment with glycerol. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1988 39 367-381. 30....
Risk Infection Care Plan
were upheld, however, it would still exclude all cosmetics with structure function effects that are remote or insignificnat. Labeling and Manufacturing Difficulties for Cosmetic Drugs Compliance with the combined cosmetic and drug provisions of the FD amp C Act can be difficult and aggravating. FDA regulations have in the past sought to accommodate cosmetic drug labeling requirements 62 , however, and the FDA Modernization Act specifically reconciled the two different approaches to ingredient...
Nonimmunological Contact Urticaria
Nonimmunological contact urticaria NICU is the most common form and occurs without previous exposure in most individuals. The reaction remains localized and does not cause systemic symptoms to spread to become generalized urticaria. Typically, the strength of this type of contact urticaria reaction varies from erythema to a generalized urticarial response, depending on the concentration, skin site, and substance. The mechanism of nonimmunological contact urti- caria has not been delineated, but...
References 1
1. Gilchrest BA. Skin and Aging Processes. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 1984. 2. Fritschi L, Green A. Sun damage in teenagers' skin. Aust JPubl Health 1995 19 4 383-386. 3. Cunningham WJ. Photoaging in Cutaneous Biometrics. New York Plenum Press, in press. 4. Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER, et al. Guidelines of care for photoaging photo-damage. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996 35 462-464. 5. Woodward KL. The relationship between skin compliance, age, gender, and tactile discriminative thresholds in...
Q Gdh
Profilometry is one of the most useful techniques in photodamage evaluation. A skin replica obtained with silflo dental impression material is oriented and side-illuminated to produce shadows of various widths and depths that are captured by high-resolution video interfaced to a computer containing image-analysis software 13 . The width and depth of the ''peaks'' and ''valleys'' of the skin surface may correspond to roughness, wrinkling, or other surface contours or markings and can be...
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33. Nachbar F, K rting HC. The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. J Mol Med 1995 73 1 7-17. 34. Mayer P. The effects of vitamin E on the skin. Cosmet Toilet 1993 108 99-109. 35. Ditre CM, Griffin TD, Murphy GF, et al. Effect of a-hydroxy acids on photoaged skin a pilot clinical, histological, and ultrastructural study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996 34 187-195. 36. Stiller MJ, Bartolone J, Stern R, et al. Topical 8 glycolic acid and 8 L-lactic acid creams for the treatment of photoaging...
Q Frc
Oligoelements and minerals like silicium can be found in Equisetum Horsetail , Oryza rice , or Diatoma. They contribute directly to the synthesis of collagen or proteoglycans and to the stabilization of ECM 23 . Selenium Astrogalus is said to play an important role in antiaging immunity, inflammation, free radical scavenging , zinc Taraxacum in hair growth action on testosterone 24 , and mother of pearl from shellfish in wound healing or tissue repair. Saponins, a huge family of compounds,...
References Ejx
1. Leveque JL, Grove F, de Rigal J, Corcuff P, Kligman AM, Saint LegerD. Biophysical characterization of dry facial skin. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1987 82 171-177. 2. De Rigal J, Losch MJ, Bazin R, Camus C, Sturelle C, Descamps V, Leveque JL. Near-infrared spectroscopy a new approach to the characterization of dry skin. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1993 44 197-209. 3. Linde YW. Dry skin in atopic dermatitis. A clinical study. Acta Derm Venereol 4. Jemec GBE, Serup J. Scaling, dry skin and gender. Acta Derm...
Acne And Pseudofolliculitis Treatment
Salicylic acid is listed among active products to treat acne 26,27 . However, clearcut evidence for a significant benefit at low concentration in well-controlled experimental and clinical trials is scanty. Similarly, medium concentrations of AHAs, such as glycolic acid, lactic acid, and mandelic acid, are employed twice daily to improve mild acne 12 . Such a treatment awaits validation by independent controlled studies. In our experience, the lower AHA concentrations present in some cosmetic...
Enter Cosmeceuticals
When the 1938 law was written, the science of cosmetology was primitive and crude, steeped in folklore and unsupported claims. The 1938 definition of a drug is now completely archaic and, in fact, an oxymoron. With the great advances in our understanding of skin physiology, it is impossible to think of a single substance that cannot, under some circumstances, alter the structure and function of skin. The most compelling example is water, the milieu in which all vital processes occur which is...
Effects On Corneocyte Cohesion And Stratum Corneum Functions
During the formation and maturation of the stratum corneum the intercorneocyte linkages corresponding to desmosomes become modified into so-called corneo-somes. Their numbers normally decrease toward the surface of the skin, most notably during the stratum compactum to stratum disjunctum transition 2 . In xerotic and ichthyotic conditions, ordered desquamation is impaired because des-mosomes persist up to the outer stratum corneum leading to the unruly accumulation of corneocytes and to skin...