Blood Smear
Granulocytes:
cu a) Neutrophilic granulocyte with banded nucleus.
§ b) Neutrophilic granulocyte with banded nucleus and beginning segmenta-£ tion of the nucleus. The cytoplasm is stained light pink and contains azuro-E philic granules with a diameter of about 0.5 |im.
-q c) Two neutrophilic granulocytes with segmented nuclei. Fine threads cong nect the three segments in each of the nuclei. The coarse, heavily stained -Q chromatin bodies are located at the peripheral nuclear membrane. § d) Neutrophilic granulocyte, excessively segmented with five segments. So e) Eosinophilic granulocyte (eosinophil) with segmented nucleus. The cell body is filled with coarse eosinophilic (= acidophilic) granules with a diameter of about 1 |im. £ f) Eosinophilic granulocyte. The nucleus consists of two round segments.
g) Basophilic granulocyte (basophil).
h) Basophilic granulocyte. The large nuclei of basophils take up most of the .2 cell body. The cytoplasm contains granules (stained dark violet) of different sizes, which sometimes cover the nucleus. Lymphocytes:
i) Small lymphocyte. The large eccentric nucleus with large chromatin bodies is lobed and fills the cell body almost completely.
j) Lymphocyte. The large nucleus hardly displays any structural details. It leaves room for only a small seam of cytoplasm.
k) Large lymphocyte. The eccentric, round nucleus shows coarse bodies. Note the wide seam of cytoplasm.
l) Medium-sized lymphocyte with cytoplasmic azurophilic granules. Monocyte:
m) Monocyte (mononuclear phagocyte). The nucleus is lobed. Its chromatin has a layered structure. The cytoplasm stains grayish-blue and contains small azurophilic granules.
Stain: Pappenheim (May-Grunwald, Giemsa); magnification: x 900
308 a_h
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Erythrocytes:
a) Normoblast (orthochromatic erythroblast). Ejected or almost ejected nucleus.
b) At the top of the image, there is a proerythroblast and a macroblast with a polychromatic cell body underneath it. The macroblast nucleus shows a coarse web of chromatin. The normoblast on the right has a pyknotic homogeneous nucleus. Two erythrocytes with basophilic spots are found in the center of the image. The cell underneath is nipped and damaged. Lower left: macroblast with spoke-like chromatin distribution.
c) Basophilic megaloblast (promegaloblast) in pernicious anemia. The nucleus is large, is slightly lobed and features a delicate chromatin web. The cytoplasm (light blue) shows darker blue stained areas in some places. A mature macroblast is located at the lower edge of the image.
d) Blood smear with a diagnosis of pernicious anemia. Anisocytosis and poi-kilocytosis of the erythrocytes. Megakaryocyte:
e) Mature granular megakaryocyte. Large, lobed, polyploid nucleus. Finely granulated cytoplasm with diffuse border (sternal biopsy material). Megaka-
"fc ryocytes have diameters of more than 50 |im and can be seen at low magnified cation. Their precursor cells are the megakaryocytes. g Thrombocytes:
3 f) Thrombocytes and erythrocytes. Thrombocytes are pinched-off cells from E megakaryocytes, the giant cells of the bone marrow. A megakaryocyte can .E produce up to 8000 thrombocytes (thrombopoiesis) (cf. Figs. 312, 313).
Stain: Pappenheim (May-Grunwald, Giemsa); magnification: x 900
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) of mammals do not have nuclei (cf. Figs. 309a-¡^ d). Erythrocytes show the form of biconcave disks with a median diameter of 7.5|im (normocytes). At the outer edge, an erythrocyte is 2.5 |im thick. The biconcave shape is easily recognized in this figure. It leads to an enlarged sur-
310 Blood—Erythrocytes o face. _o
QQ Scanning electron microscopy; magnification: x 6500
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