Special Stains And Molecular Techniques In The Diagnosis Of Infectious Agents
There have been considerable advances in the use of molecular techniques for rapid detection of pathogens, especially those that are fastidious or nonculturable. Some of the rewards of diagnostic molecular techniques include rapid turnaround time, increased specificity, enhanced sensitivity, ability to identify esoteric micro-organisms, quantitation, genotyping, and monitoring of drug resistance. Qualitative assays determine presence or absence of a nucleic acid consistent with the presence of...
Matemal CMV infection
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the consequences of CMV infection during pregnancy. Adapted from ref. 11. Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the consequences of CMV infection during pregnancy. Adapted from ref. 11. tion 53,54 . Although the occurrence of congenital CMV infection in children born to immune mothers nonprimary maternal infection was clearly documented, it was thought that congenitally infected children who were born to mothers with a nonprimary maternal infection rarely if...
References Azg
1. Fox H. Infections and inflammatory lesions of the placenta. In Fox H, ed. Pathology of the Placenta, 2nd ed. Philadelphia Saunders, 1997 294-343. 2. Hyde SR, Altshuler G. Infectious disorders of the placenta. In Lewis SH, Perrin E, eds. Pathology of the Placenta, 2nd ed. New York Churchill-Livingstone, 1999 317-342. 3. Benirschke K, Kaufmann P. Infectious diseases. In Benirschke K, Kaufmann P, eds. Pathology of the Human Placenta, 4th ed. New York Springer, 2000 591-684. 4. Salafia CM,...
References Spd
1. Cossart YE, Field AM, Cant B, et al. Parvovirus-like particles in human sera. Lancet 1975 1 72-73. 2. Pattison JR, Jones SE, Hodgson J, et al. Parvovirus infections and hypoplastic crisis in sickle-cell anemia. Lancet 1981 1 664-665. 3. Anderson MJ, Jones SE, Fisher-Hoch SP, et al. Human parvovirus the cause of erythema infectiosum fifth disease Lancet 1983 1 1378. 4. Brown T, Anand A, Ritchie RD. Intrauterine parvovirus infection associated with hydrops fetalis. Lancet 1984 2 1033-1034. 5....
Virus Characteristics
CMV is morphologically similar to other herpesviruses and is the largest member of the family 2 . The virus consists of a 64-nm core enclosed by a 110-nm icosahedral capsid. The capsid is surrounded by a poorly defined amorphous tegument that itself is surrounded by a loosely applied, lipid-containing tegument 2 . The genome of CMV consists of linear double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid DNA molecule approx 240 kb 3,4 . The genome of CMV is similar to that of herpes simplex virus in that it has...
Evaluation Of Pregnant Woman
Most acquired rubella infections are asymptomatic or cause only mild disease. Low-grade fever, an erythematous nonconfluent macular papular rash that begins on the face and spreads to the trunk, and generalized lymphadenopathy are the typical signs of infection. Cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis may also be present in adults, arthritis or arthralgias may occur at the time of the onset of the rash or soon after its appearance. The arthritis is often slow to resolve, but it usually does not cause...
Description Of Organisms
HHV-6 and HHV-7 are closely related to human cytomegalovirus CMV . Like all herpesviruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7 possess a nucleocapsid containing deoxyribonucleic acid DNA , surrounded by a dense tegument and a lipid envelope 6 . Although HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNAs possess a high degree of homology, there are distinct antigenic differences 7 . Two subtypes of HHV-6 A and B have been described 8 . Most cases of roseola are caused by subtype B 9,10 , and the few congenital HHV-6 infections evaluated thus...
Pathogenesis And Clinical Manifestations
Arenaviruses are segemented ambisense ribonucleic acid RNA viruses that cause chronic infections in rodents in Europe, Africa, and the Americas 4 . Chronically infected animals shed the virus in urine, feces, saliva, and other mucosal secretions 11,12 . The virus can attach, enter, and replicate in numerous cell types and species. Humans are infected either by inhalation of the infected aerosols or after contact with infected fomites 12 . After local replication at the site of inoculation,...
Hepatitis D Virus
Hepatitis D virus HDV is replication-defective RNA virus. HDV requires co-infection with HBV to complete assembly of new HDV viral particles 22 . Infection with HDV can occur as an initial co-infection with HBV or as a superinfection in a previously infected patient with HBV. In the case of initial co-infection, symptoms usually resolve without incident, and immunity is long lasting. If a patient with chronic HBV infection acquires HDV, chronic infection is likely, and symptoms may be more...
Risk Of Fetalneonatal Infection
In addition to postnatal spread by the airborne route, varicella may spread by the transplacental route from mother to infant. The transmission rate by this route is thought to be 25-50 this is lower than the rate of transmission following household exposure, which is closer to 90 7 . Women with active varicella at term are at risk of infecting their infants by the transplacental route as well as from exposure to external lesions following the baby's birth. It appears, however, that infants...
Acute Chorioamnionitis
Benirschke and Kaufmann feel that chorioamnionitis which they use as synonymous with acute chorioamnionitis is always their bold caused by infection 3 . Other forms of injury to the placenta, such as infarction, will also illicit an acute inflammatory reaction but will be localized to the area of injury. Acute chorioamnionitis is the most common diagnosis rendered on the placenta. Despite this, no universally accepted definition, grading, or staging system has been developed. Acute...
Maternal Deciduitis
Decidua is the adapted endometrial stromal as a result of progesterone stimulation. Decidua surrounds the entire placenta. Decidua basalis is at the base of the placenta and includes the maternal spiral arteries and venous sinuses. Decidua parietalis or capsularis is present on the maternal surface of the free membranes. In nearly all cases of ascending infection, the maternal decidua is also inflamed. This can be quite severe and may result in decidual necrosis and abruption. Small numbers of...
Fetal Inflammatory Response Of Umbilical And Chorionic Plate Vessels
Fetal response to infection occurs after the maternal response and usually suggests a more well-established infection. It may be attenuated or absent in midgestation, although I have seen significant funisitis as early as 18 weeks of gestation. Funisitis and Vasculitis Gross and Microscopic Funisitis can rarely be grossly identified. The umbilical cord may be quite edematous. Within the extra fluid within the cord substance, large accumulations of neutrophils may be visible as white rings...