V
Antigen pathogen, foreign cell virus infected body cell
T3 C Kgc
Ca2 , as intracellular transmitter, mediates electromechanical coupling. It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters synaptic transmitters and hormones, the secretory activity of exocrine glands and of a number of enzymes e.g., glycogenolysis, phospholipase A, adeny-lylcyclase, phosphodiesterases . Ca2 activates some K channels, for example, in the heart, where Ca2 -sensitive K channels take part in the process of repolarization. Extracellular Ca2 stabilizes Na channels, reduces the...
Po2
Megaloblastic Anemia Due to Abnormalities in DNA Synthesis Some acquired forms of anemia are due to abnormalities in the absorption or metabolism of folate or cobalamine vit. B12 A . The result is that DNA synthesis is inhibited and the cell cycle is slowed down during erythropoiesis. However, hemoglobin synthesis in the cytoplasm continues unchanged so that the eryth-roblasts increase in size megaloblasts and over-large, oval erythrocytes pass into the blood megalocytes MCV gt 100 fL . The...
B7 Icam
T-cell proliferation clonal expansion and differentiation T-cell proliferation clonal expansion and differentiation Infected cell, tumor cell, foreign cell Infected cell, tumor cell, foreign cell
Info Tqq
Anemias Due to Disorders of Hemoglobin Synthesis Erythrocytes RBCs serve to transport O2 and CO2 and also as a buffer. Hemoglobin Hb is essential for all three functions. It is composed of four subunits 2a, 2p in HbA see below , each of which is formed from three components protoporphyrin, iron Fe2 and globin a or p . When Fe2 is built into protoporphyrin, heme is formed. If there is a deficiency or defect in one of the components, Hb synthesis is impaired. In this case the RBCs are usually...
T3 C Spj
temporarily stop Adams-Stokes attack , but ventricular tertiary pacemakers then take over excitation of the ventricles ventricular bradycardia with normal atrial rate . Partial or complete temporal independence of the QRS complexes from the P waves is the result B5 . The heart i.e., ventricular rate will fall to 40-60 per minute if the AV node takes over as pacemaker B , or to 20-40 per minute when a tertiary pacemaker in the ventricle initiates ventricular depolarization. This could be an...
Info Jav
Hypoxia and Hyperoxia 84 Development of Alkalosis 86 Development of Acidosis 88 Effects of Acidosis and Alkalosis 90 Kidney, Salt and Water Balance F. Lang 92 Abnormalities of Renal Excretion 94 Pathophysiology of Renal Transport Processes 96 Abnormalities of Urinary Concentration 100 Abnormalities of Glomerular Function 102 Disorders of Glomerular Permselectivity, Nephrotic Syndrome 104 Disorders ofWater and Salt Balance 122 Abnormalities of Potassium Balance 124 Abnormalities of Magnesium...
T3 C Opi
Heart failure HF is the state of reduced myocardial performance, and mainly affects the left ventricle LV . Its most common causes A are coronary heart disease p. 218ff. and hypertension p. 208 ff. , but nearly all other forms of cardiac disease valvar defects, cardiomyopathies A as well as some extra-cardiac diseases can result in HF. Right ventricular failure can occur with right heart defects and shunts p. 202 ff. , and particularly with pulmonary hypertension p. 214 . However, the right...
T3 C Qze
Half of the body's magnesium is bound in bone, almost one half is intracellular. Mg2 concentration in extracellular fluid is relatively low 1 mmol L . Mg2 is essential for the activity of numerous enzymes. In many functions it acts antagonistically to Ca2 , which it can displace from its binding to proteins. In this way Mg2 can inhibit the release of transmitters in synapses of the nervous system and can thus inhibit synaptic transmission. It is as true for Mg2 as it has been shown for K that...
T3 C Pns
The term interstitial nephritis is applied to inflammatory changes in the kidney if the inflammation does not originate in the glomeru-li. Renal tissue is infiltrated by inflammatory cells especially granulocytes and the inflammation can lead to local destruction of renal tissue. The most common form of interstitial nephritis is that caused by bacteria pyelonephritis . Most often the infection originates in the urinary tract bladder ureter kidney ascending pyelonephritis less often in the blood...